1) DEGREE OF COMPARISON
The Degrees of Comparison in English
grammar are made with the Adjective and Adverb words to show how big or small,
high or low, more or less, many or few, etc., of the qualities, numbers and
positions of the nouns (persons, things and places) in comparison to the others
mentioned in the other part of a sentence or expression.
Kinds of comparison:
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1.
POSITIVE DEGREE:
Ex: Tom is tall a
boy.
In this sentence the word ‘tall’ is an adjective telling
us how Tom is. There is no other person or thing in this sentence used to
compare Tom with, but it is the general way of saying about persons, animals
and things that they have some quality (here ‘tallness’) above average in
general sense. The adjective word ‘tall’ is said to be in the “positive
form”.
This comparison is called “positive degree”
comparison.
There are two more comparisons with the ‘positive
form’ of the adjective words. They are:
(i) Degree of Equality: This comparison
is used to compare two persons, animals or things to tell us that they are
equal – having the same quality.
Ex:
1. The
atis tree is tall.
2. Anita
is young.
3. Chicos
are expensive.
4. Carlo
is intelligent.
2. COMPARATIVE
DEGREE:
Ex : Tom is
a tall
boy.
Tom is taller than his sister.
In the second sentence the word ‘taller’ is an
adjective used to compare the ‘tallness’ of these two persons – Tom and his
sister – and to tell us that Tom has more of the quality of ‘tallness’.
Therefore, an adjective word which shows the
difference of quality betweentwotwo groups of persons,
animals or things is said to be in the ‘comparative form’. persons, animals or
things, or
This comparison is called “Comparative Degree”.
There are two more degrees of comparison with the
‘comparative form’ of an adjective. They are:
(i) Parallel Degree: This comparison is
used to show that the qualities of two items (adjectives or adverbs) talked
about in the given sentence go parallel, i.e. if one quality (adjective or
adverb) increases, the other quality (adjective or adverb) increases, and if
one quality decreases, the other quality also decreases.
The bigger the
box, the heavier it is.
(ii) Progressive Degree: This comparison
is used to show that the quality of a thing (adjective or adverb) talked about
in the given sentence increases as the time passes, for example:
1. The
ipil-ipil tree is taller than the atis tree.
2. Josephine
is younger than Anita.
3. Mangoes
are more
expensive than chicos.
4. Alex
is more intelligent than Carlo.
5. It’s getting
hotter and hotter day by day.
3. SUPERLATIVE
DEGREE:
Ex: A musk
ox is a large animal. An elephant is
larger than a musk ox.
The blue
whale is the largest of all animals.
The blue
whale is the largest of all animals in the
world.
In this sentence the word (the) ‘largest’
is an adjective used to compare the “largeness” of the blue whale and to tell
us that the blue whale has the most quality of ‘largeness’.
This comparison is used to compare one person, animal
or thing with more than two persons, animals or things (the
rest of the group of more than two), and to say that the particular one has the
highest degree of that particular quality
(here the comparison is between the blue whale and the rest of the animals,
more than two). The adjective ‘large’ is said to be in the ‘superlative form’.
This
comparison is called “Superlative Degree”.
Ex :
1.
The acacia tree is the tallest of all them.
2.
Irene is the youngest of
them all.
3.
Grapes are the most
expensive of the three.
4.
Eric is the most
intelligent of the three.
2) Question Words
The
most common question words in English are the following:
WHO
WHO is
only used when referring to people. (= I want to know the person)
·
Who
is the best football player in the world?
·
Who
are your best friends?
·
Who
is that strange guy over there?
WHERE
WHERE is
used when referring to a place or location. (= I want to know the place)
·
Where
is the library?
·
Where
do you live?
·
Where
are my shoes?
WHEN
WHEN is
used to refer to a time or an occasion. (= I want to know the time)
·
When
do the shops open?
·
When
is his birthday?
·
When
are we going to finish?
WHY
WHY is
used to obtain an explanation or a reason. (= I want to know the reason)
·
Why
do we need a nanny?
·
Why
are they always late?
·
Why
does he complain all the time?
Normally the response begins with "Because..."
WHAT
WHAT is
used to refer to specific information. (= I want to know the thing)
·
What
is your name?
·
What
is her favourite colour?
·
What
is the time?
WHICH
WHICH is
used when a choice needs to be made. (= I want to know the thing between
alternatives)
·
Which
drink did you order – the rum or the beer?
·
Which
day do you prefer for a meeting – today or tomorrow?
·
Which
is better - this one or that one?
HOW
HOW is
used to describe the manner that something is done. (= I want to know the way)
·
How
do you cook paella?
·
How
does he know the answer?
·
How
can I learn English quickly?
With HOW there are a number of other
expressions that are used in questions:
How much –
refers to a quantity or a price (uncountable nouns)
·
How
much time do you have to finish the test?
·
How
much is the jacket on display in the window?
·
How
much money will I need?
How many –
refers to a quantity (countable nouns)
·
How
many days are there in April?
·
How
many people live in this city?
·
How
many brothers and sister do you have?
How often –
refers to frequency
·
How
often do you visit your grandmother?
·
How
often does she study?
·
How
often are you sick?
How far –
refers to distance
·
How
far is the university from your house?
·
How
far is the bus stop from here?
3) Find 5W+1H
in English Newspaper
Muneeza Naqvi | Associated Press | New Delhi
Fri, May 20 2016 | 06:15 pm
Fri, May 20 2016 | 06:15 pm
A city in western India has suffered through
the country's highest temperature in history a scorching 51 degrees Celsius.
The record was set Thursday in the city of Phalodi, in the
western state of Rajasthan. India's meteorological department said the previous
high was 50.6 Celsius ( 123 F ), reached in 1956 in the city of Alwar, also in
Rajasthan.
Authorities have issued a severe heat wave alert for the next
two days in the western states of Gujarat, Rajasthan and parts of the central
state of Madhya Pradesh. That means the areas can expect temperatures as high
as 47 degrees Celsius ( 116.6 Fahrenheit ) or more.
The main summer months — April, May and June — are always
excruciatingly hot across most parts of India before monsoon rains and cool
temperatures arrive.
The monsoon hits southern India in the first
week of June and covers the rest of the country within a month.
This year — as temperatures hit new highs — the monsoon is
especially eagerly awaited as several parts of the country are reeling under a
drought brought on by two years of weak rains.
The prolonged heat wave this year has already killed hundreds
and destroyed crops in more than 13 states, impacting hundreds of millions of
Indians.
Hundreds of farmers are reported to have killed themselves
across the country and tens of thousands of small farmers have been forced to
abandon their farmland and live in squalor in urban slums in order to earn a
living.
Rivers, lakes and dams have dried up in many parts of the
western states of Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Gujarat, and overall officials say
that groundwater reservoirs are severely depleted.
In some areas, the situation is so bad the government has
sent in water by train for emergency relief.
·
What
What was reported ?
A city in western India has suffered through
the country's highest temperature in history a scorching 51 degrees Celsius.
· Where
Where it happened ?
A city in western India
· When
When a natural disaster occurs ?
The record was set Thursday in the city of Phalodi, in the western state of Rajasthan. India's meteorological department said the previous high was 50.6 Celsius ( 123 F)
· Why
Why did it happen ?
The prolonged heat wave this year
· Who
Who the speakers in the news ?
Muneeza Naqvi
· How
How impacts resulting from this situation?
Rivers, lakes and dams have dried
up in many parts of the western states of Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Gujarat,
and overall officials say that groundwater reservoirs are severely depleted.
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