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BAHASA
INGGRIS BISNIS 2
PRESENT SIMPLE THEORY
The simple present or present simple is one of the
present tenses used in modern English, the others being the present
continuous and the emphatic present. It is called "present"
because it is often (but not exclusively) used in referring to the present
time, and it is called "simple" because it consists of only a single
word. In the third person singular of the simple present it is formed (with two
exceptions) by adding s or es to the bare infinitive, as in
"He sees you",
while in all other person/number combinations the present simple is identical
to the bare infinitive, as in "They see you"
or "I see you".
The two exceptions are "to have" and "to be": "to
have" retains the bare infinitive form outside the third person singular,
but in the third person singular it uses "has" as in he has a car; "to be" uses
"am" in the first person singular, "is" in the third person
singular, and "are" in all other person/number combinations, as
in Iam here, you are here,
she is here.
Declarative sentences
The simple present is often used
to express habitual actions referring to no particular span of time, such as
in He walks to school' The simple present is often employed in
newspaperheadlines instead of the present perfect:
Oldest man alive wins Olympic race
Stock markets crash
It is employed in if clauses
referring to the future:
If he finds your sweets, he will eat
them!
It is used when a planned event is described along
with a time in t he future:
We leave for Berlin tomorrow at 1:00.
It is used with stative verbs in referring
to states (unchanging situations) that exist in the present:
I love you.
She needs us.
I know that.
It can also be used when making a citation:
The label says "External use
only."
Questions
In a yes-no question, the simple present becomes
compound, employing the auxiliary do:
Does she go there
often?
When a question word starts a
sentence, do is included if the question word is not the
subject of the sentence:
"What does the man want to
buy?"
But when the question word is the subject of the
sentence, the simple form is retained:.
Who feeds the cat?
Distinction from
continuous form
The continuous (progressive) verb form in English
conveys that an action is ongoing, as in "She is running right
now". So for evolving situations in the present, the simple present form
is not used. In contrast, the simple present is used for present situations
that are not evolving, as in "I know that",
which cannot be rendered as "I am knowing that."
It is used instead of present continuous in certain
situations in a sentence as a temporal adverbial clause: ..., as we
speak.
Present
Continuous
FORM
[am/is/are + present participle]
Examples:
·
You are watching TV.
·
Are you watching TV?
·
You are not watching TV.
Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that
something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show
that something is not happening now.
Examples:
·
You are learning English now.
·
You are not swimming now.
·
Are you sleeping?
·
I am sitting.
·
I am not standing.
·
Is he sitting or standing?
·
They are reading their books.
·
They are not watching television.
·
What are you doing?
·
Why aren't you doing your
homework?
USE 2 Longer Actions
in Progress Now
n English, "now" can
mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on.
Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of
doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at
this exact second.
Examples: (All of these sentences
can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)
·
I am studying to become a doctor.
·
I am not studying to become a
dentist.
·
I am reading the book Tom
Sawyer.
·
I am not reading any books right now.
·
Are you working on
any special projects at work?
·
Aren't you teaching at
the university now?
USE 3 Near Future
Sometimes, speakers use the
Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the
near future.
Examples:
·
I am meeting some friends after work.
·
I am not going to the party tonight.
·
Is he visiting his parents next
weekend?
·
Isn't he coming with
us tonight?
USE 4 Repetition and
Irritation with "Always"
The Present Continuous with words
such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that
something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with
negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or
"constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
·
She is always coming to class late.
·
He is constantly talking. I wish he would
shut up.
·
I don't like them because they are always
complaining.
REMEMBER
Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in
any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings forMixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous
tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Present.
Examples:
·
She is loving this chocolate ice
cream. Not Correct
·
She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the
placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just,
etc.
Examples:
·
You are still watching TV.
·
Are you still watching TV?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
·
Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Active
·
Right now, the letter is being written by
Tom. Passive
Simple
Past
FORM
Examples:
·
You called Debbie.
·
Did you call Debbie?
·
You did not call Debbie.
USE 1
Completed Action in the Past
Use the Simple Past to express
the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past.
Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do
have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
·
I saw a movie yesterday.
·
I didn't see a play yesterday.
·
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
·
Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
·
Did you have dinner
last night?
·
She washed her car.
·
He didn't wash his car.
USE 2 A Series of
Completed Actions
We use the Simple Past to list a
series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd,
4th, and so on.
Examples:
·
I finished work, walked to
the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
·
He arrived from the airport at
8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the
others at 10:00.
·
Did you add flour, pour in
the milk, and then add the eggs?
USE 3 Duration in
Past
The Simple Past can be used with
a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action
often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all
day, all year, etc.
Examples:
·
I lived in Brazil for two years.
·
Shauna studied Japanese for five
years.
·
They sat at the beach all day.
·
They did not stay at the party the
entire time.
·
We talked on the phone for thirty
minutes.
·
A: How long did you wait for
them?
B: We waited for one hour.
B: We waited for one hour.
USE 4 Habits in the
Past
The Simple Past can also be used
to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as
"used to." To make it
clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as:
always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
·
I studied French when I was a child.
·
He played the violin.
·
He didn't play the piano.
·
Did you play a
musical instrument when you were a kid?
·
She worked at the movie theater after
school.
·
They never went to school, they
always skipped class.
USE 5 Past Facts or
Generalizations
The Simple Past can also be used
to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4
above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."
Examples:
·
She was shy as a child, but now she
is very outgoing.
·
He didn't like tomatoes before.
·
Did you live in
Texas when you were a kid?
·
People paid much more to make cell
phone calls in the past.
IMPORTANT
When-Clauses Happen First
Clauses are groups of words which
have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the
word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or
"when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they
are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.
Examples:
·
When I paid her one dollar, she answered my
question.
·
She answered my question when I paid her one
dollar.
When-clauses are important
because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both
of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and
then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid
her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the
sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she
answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.
Example:
·
I paid her one dollar when she answered my
question.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the
placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just,
etc.
Examples:
·
You just called Debbie.
·
Did you just call Debbie?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
·
Tom repaired the car. Active
·
The car was repaired by Tom. Passive
Past
Continuous Tense
The past continuous tense is formed with the past tense of the verb to be(was/were) + present participle (verbs ending in ...ing).
Example:
|
I/he/she/it was eating spaghetti at
8 o'clock last night.
|
You/we/they were eating spaghetti
at 8 o'clock last night
|
The past continuous tense
questions are formed with was/were + subject + ... ing.
Example: What were you doing exactly twenty-four hours ago? (NOT: What did you do exactly
twenty-four hours ago?)
Example: What were you doing exactly twenty-four hours ago? (NOT: What did you do exactly
twenty-four hours ago?)
The past continuous tense is used:
·
for an action that was taking place in the past when a
shorter action (expressed in the simple past tense) happened.
Example: I was camping when
I got stung by a bee.
Example: When I visited him in the hospital, he was snoring loudly.
Example: While he was reading the newspaper, he fell asleep.
Example: While I was talking to him, his eyes looked somewhere else.
Note: The past continuous tense and the simple past tense are used together
Example: When I visited him in the hospital, he was snoring loudly.
Example: While he was reading the newspaper, he fell asleep.
Example: While I was talking to him, his eyes looked somewhere else.
Note: The past continuous tense and the simple past tense are used together
·
with while to describe two actions
that were going on at the same time in the past.
Example: While my
brother was laughing, my sister was crying.
Example: My father was drinking while my mother was eating.
Example: My father was drinking while my mother was eating.
·
for an action that was happening and not yet finished
at a particular time or throughout a period of time in the past. We do not
state when the action started or ended.
Example: Grandma was
knitting a sock at 11 o'clock last night.
Example: They were hunting wild boars all evening.
Example: They were hunting wild boars all evening.
·
to show that we were in the middle of an action.
Example: I was collecting old
newspapers. (I was in the middle of doing the collecting.)
Example: The police sirens were wailing.
Example: The police sirens were wailing.
·
in Reported or Indirect Speech.
Example:
|
"Are you catching a train to Timbuktu,
Jack?" asked Jill.
|
Jill asked Jack if he was catching a
train to Timbuktu.
|
·
to describe the introductory scene for a story written
in the past tense.
Example: The sun was
shining after weeks of rain. The flowers were wavingin the
breeze.
Verbs not normally used in the
continuous form
We use the continuous tenses, both past and present, with actions but notwith verbs that refer to states and feelings. The simple past tense andsimple present tense are used for such stative verbs. Some of the stative verbs include: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, believe, doubt, forget, know,understand, wish, like, love, desire, notice, remember, and want..
Example: I forget your name. (NOT I am forgetting your name.)
Example: I forgot your name. (NOT I was forgetting your name.)
Example: He believes what I say. (NOT He is believing what I say.)
Example: We understood the instructions. (NOT We were understanding the instructions.)
Example: Do you hear that noise? (NOT: Are you hearing that noise?)
Example: Did you hear that noise? (NOT: Were you hearing that noise?)
Example: I understand the instructions. (NOT: I am understanding the instructions.)
We use the continuous tenses, both past and present, with actions but notwith verbs that refer to states and feelings. The simple past tense andsimple present tense are used for such stative verbs. Some of the stative verbs include: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, believe, doubt, forget, know,understand, wish, like, love, desire, notice, remember, and want..
Example: I forget your name. (NOT I am forgetting your name.)
Example: I forgot your name. (NOT I was forgetting your name.)
Example: He believes what I say. (NOT He is believing what I say.)
Example: We understood the instructions. (NOT We were understanding the instructions.)
Example: Do you hear that noise? (NOT: Are you hearing that noise?)
Example: Did you hear that noise? (NOT: Were you hearing that noise?)
Example: I understand the instructions. (NOT: I am understanding the instructions.)
The passive form of the past
continuous tense
The passive form consists of was or were + being + the past participle of the verb.
We use the passive form of the past continuous tense to express an action done to the subject. The action must be in the past and must be unfinished at the time concerned.
Example: My house was being renovated so I stayed in a nearby hotel.
Example: They arrived while dinner was being prepared.
The passive form consists of was or were + being + the past participle of the verb.
We use the passive form of the past continuous tense to express an action done to the subject. The action must be in the past and must be unfinished at the time concerned.
Example: My house was being renovated so I stayed in a nearby hotel.
Example: They arrived while dinner was being prepared.
We use when with the past continuous and simple past tenses:
·
to show that an action or event described in the past
continuous tense started before the event expressed in the simple past tense.
Example: Two women were
fighting in the street when the police arrived. (The
fighting started before the police arrived.)
·
to show that an action or event described in the past
continuous tense was going on when the event expressed in the simple past tense
took place.
Example: They were having a
barbecue when the rain started falling. (The rain fell when
the barbecue was in progress.)
·
to show time order of events.
Example: When I woke up,
my brother was brushing his teeth. (I woke up during his
brushing his teeth.)
Example: When I woke up, my brother brushed his teeth. (I woke up, then my brother brushed his teeth.)
Example: He was bathing his pet puppy when I visited him. (He started the bathing before my visit and the bathing was in progress at the time of my visit.)
Example: He bathed his pet puppy when I visited him. (Two complete events: I visited him and then he bathed his pet.)
Example: When I woke up, my brother brushed his teeth. (I woke up, then my brother brushed his teeth.)
Example: He was bathing his pet puppy when I visited him. (He started the bathing before my visit and the bathing was in progress at the time of my visit.)
Example: He bathed his pet puppy when I visited him. (Two complete events: I visited him and then he bathed his pet.)
·
Difference in time order between past continuous tense
and simple past tense.
1. When we reached
there, it rained.
2. When we reached
there, it was raining.
In (1), reaching there then raining started.
In (2), reaching there when it was raining.
In (1), reaching there then raining started.
In (2), reaching there when it was raining.
Note the differences between
these sentences:
Example: He was writing a
letter yesterday. (Letter was not finished yesterday.)
Example: He wrote a
letter yesterday. (Completed the letter.)
Example: While Jill was reading a book, her mother was sleeping. (Two actions in progress simultaneously.)
Example: While I read a book, my mother slept. (Two complete events happened simultaneously.)
Example: My father was having a shave at 7 o'clock. (The shave started before 7 o'clock and was still in progress at 7 o'clock.)
Example: My father had a shave at 7 o'clock. (The shave started at 7 o'clock until completion.)
Example: While Jill was reading a book, her mother was sleeping. (Two actions in progress simultaneously.)
Example: While I read a book, my mother slept. (Two complete events happened simultaneously.)
Example: My father was having a shave at 7 o'clock. (The shave started before 7 o'clock and was still in progress at 7 o'clock.)
Example: My father had a shave at 7 o'clock. (The shave started at 7 o'clock until completion.)
Having the same meaning.
a) They were
watching television all night. (Watching television went on throughout
the night.)
b) They watched television
all night. (Watching television from the beginning to the end of the night.)
(a) and (b) have the same meaning.
(a) and (b) have the same meaning.
c) When she came in, I was
dreaming. (She came in at the time of my dreaming.)
d) She came in while
I was dreaming. (She came in during my dreaming.)
(c) and (d) have the same meaning.
(c) and (d) have the same meaning.
The past continuous tense and the
past perfect tense
a)
I was eating when Bob came.
b)
I had eaten when Bob came.
In (a): The past continuous tense expresses an activity that was in progress when another event took place.
In (b): The past perfect tense expresses an activity that was completed before another event took place.
In (a): The past continuous tense expresses an activity that was in progress when another event took place.
In (b): The past perfect tense expresses an activity that was completed before another event took place.
Subject-Verb
Agreement
Introduction
Proper sentences must have
subject-verb agreement. Subject-verb agreement means the subject and verb
match. A singular subject must have a singular verb. A plural subject must have
a plural verb.
Singular
|
Plural
|
The employee goes to
work.
|
The employees go to
work.
|
The employee is going to
work.
|
The employees are going to
work.
|
The employee has gone to
work.
|
The employees have gone to
work.
|
The employee went to
work.
|
The employees went to work.
|
Learning Hint:
To make sure you use the correct
verb form with the subject, use the following steps:
Ø
Figure out what the subject is.
Ø
Decide if the subject is single or plural.
Ø
Identify which verb goes with the subject.
Ø
Check that the verb form matches the subject.
Subjects
There are rules to follow to help
decide what form the subject or verb is in. The subject of a sentence is
usually a noun or pronoun.
Singular and Plural Noun Forms
The plural form for most nouns is
made by adding -s or -es.
Some nouns plural form is
irregular. The irregular ones have to be remembered. Common ones include:
Singular
|
Plural
|
man
|
men
|
child
|
children
|
criterion
|
criteria
|
medium
|
media
|
Some nouns with plural form are
usually regarded as singular in meaning. Such words include athletics,
economics, news, politics, mathematics and statistics.
Example:
The news tonight has to
be good.
Measurements and figures ending
in -s may be singular when the amount they refer to is a unit:
Examples:
Three years is a
long time to wait.
One-third of the lunchroom has new
chairs.
Note: These words and
amounts are plural when they describe single items instead of a whole:
The statistics show the
market will improve.
One-third of the computers in the office have new
memory cards.
Compound Subjects
A compound subject, two or more
subjects joined by and, takes a plural verb.
Examples:
Coffee and tea are served
hot.
The president, the CEO and the
sale manager are having a meeting.
Exception:
When the parts of the subject
form a single idea or refer to a single thing, the verb is singular.
Examples:
Ham and cheese is his
favorite sandwich.
The new president and CEO arrives in
an hour.
(The subject is one person who is
both the new president and CEO.)
The new president and his CEO arrive in
an hour.
(The subject is
two people so the verb has to be plural.)
Collective Nouns
A collective noun names a group
of people or things. Examples are army, audience, government, family, group,
team, and public. Although a collective noun looks plural, its considered to be
one unit, a whole, so it is singular.
Examples:
The group agrees that
action is needed.
The public receives weather
warnings on the radio and on TV.
Exception: Number as a
collective noun can be singular or plural. When a comes before
number, it is always plural. Whenthe comes before number, it is
always singular.
Examples:
A number of employees have
decided to car pool.
The number of people
without jobs is dropping.
Always Singular or Plural Words
Some words that can be part of
the subject need to be remembered as always being singular or always plural.
·
Words that are always singular: anyone, anything, no
one, nothing, neither, either, what, whatever, whoever, somebody,something, someone, each, everyone, everything,
and everybody. All of these words are known as indefinite
pronouns. These words do not refer to a specific person or thing.
Examples:
Something is wrong
here.
Neither is right.
Each employee gets 2
weeks paid vacation.
Everyone deserves to
be happy.
Exception: When each follows
a compound subject, the verb is plural:
The courier and the mailman each have parcels
to deliver.
·
Words that are always plural: few, both, several, many.
Examples:
Few people go to
the annual picnic.
Several of his friends work in
the accounting department.
Both of them deserve a
raise.
Many of the senior staff plan to
retire early.
Singular or Plural Indefinite
Pronouns
Some indefinite pronouns can be
singular or plural depending on what comes after them: some, all, most, any,
and none. Whether they are singular or plural depends on the
meaning of the nouns they refer to.
Examples:
All of the money is kept
for emergencies.
(All refers to the
singular noun money, so the verb is singular.)
All of the reports were
finished this afternoon.
(All refers to the plural
noun reports, so the verb is plural.)
None of the parcels
ever arrive on Monday.
(Parcels is plural, making none plural.)
Some of the team needs more
time to prepare.
(Team is singular, making some singular.)
Relative Pronouns
The relative pronouns who, which and that do
not have different singular and plural forms. When used as a subject, its verb
should agree with the noun it refers to.
Examples:
The manager should listen to the
people who work for him.
(Who refers to the plural people, so
the verb is plural.)
Justin is the person who usually fixes our
computer problems.
(Who refers to the
singular person, so the verb is singular.)
Conjunctions Or and Nor
When parts of a subject are
joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the part
closest to it. If the closest part is singular, the verb is singular. If the
closest part is plural, the verb is plural.
Examples:
Neither the secretary nor the
receptionist knows the phone number.
The engineers or the
mechanics have the can of oil.
Neither the manager nor the
employees were late.
(Manager is singular but
employees is plural. Employees is closest to the verb so the verb
is plural.)
Either he or they are early.
(He is singular but they is
plural. They is closest to the verb so the verb is plural.)
Verbs
Knowing whether the verb is in
its singular or plural form shows which form the subject must be in. The
singular present tense of many verbs is formed by adding -s or -es.
Irregular verb forms have to be remembered.
Singular Present Tense
|
Plural Present Tense
|
eats
|
eat
|
am / is
|
are
|
bring
|
brings
|
Singular Past Tense
|
Plural Past Tense
|
ate
|
ate
|
was
|
were
|
brought
|
brought
|
The subject and verb still need
to match when other words come between them. Such words are usually a phrase
that starts with a preposition like of, by, with, from,
and to.
Examples:
A web site of
new goods and services is being made.
(Web site is the subject, not
services. Web site is singular.)
The profits earned
by the computer industry have dropped in the past year.
(The subject is profits, not
industry. Profits is plural.)
Subject-Verb
Agreement Example Questions
When doing a question, first
figure out what is the subject of the sentence.
Then decide if the subject is
singular or plural. Use the rules. Lastly, decide which verb form will match
with the subject.
Note 1: When two verb
answers agree with the subject, then the verb TENSE must be looked at. Check
for time words to help decide what verb tense is correct for the sentence.
Example:
He _____ his desk yesterday.
(A) cleaned
(B) cleans
(C) clean
(D) cleaner
He is a singular subject so a
singlular verb is needed. Both (A) and (B) are singular verbs. (A), not (B), is
the correct answer. The word yesterday shows that the action is in the past so
the verb must be in the past tense.
Note 2: When two verb
answers match the subject and both are the correct tense, then decide which
verb makes sense.
Example:
She _____ made a backup of her
data.
(A) have
(B) do
(C) is
(D) should have
She is a singular subject so a
singlular verb is needed. Both (C) and (D) are singular verbs. Only (D) can
complete the sentence correctly. The sentence does not make sense if (C) is
used.
Pronouns
What is a Pronoun?
In grammar, a
pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced,
is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a nutshell, it’s
because pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a
subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and more.
Without pronouns, we’d have to keep on
repeating nouns, and that would make our speech and writing repetitive, not to
mention cumbersome. Most pronouns are very short words. Examples include:
·
He
·
She
·
They
·
It
·
We
·
Who
As mentioned, pronouns are usually used to
replace nouns, however they can also stand in for certainadverbs, adjectives, and other pronouns.
Anytime you want to talk about a person, animal, place or thing, you can use
pronouns to make your speech or writing flow better.
Types of Pronouns
Pronouns can be divided into numerous
categories including:
Ø Personal pronouns – those associated with a
certain person, thing, or group; all except you have distinct forms that
indicate singular or plural number
Ø
Reflexive pronouns – those preceded by the
adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun to which they refer, and ending in –self or –selves
Ø Relative pronouns – those which refer to
nouns mentioned previously, acting to introduce an adjective (relative) clause
Ø Intensive pronouns – those ending in –self or –selves and that serve to emphasize their
antecedents
Pronoun Rules
There are a few important rules for using
pronouns. As you read through these rules and the examples in the next section,
notice how the pronoun rules are followed. Soon you’ll see that pronouns are
easy to work with.
·
Subject pronouns may be used to begin
sentences. For example: We did a great job.
·
Subject pronouns may also be used to rename
the subject. For example: It was she who decided we should go to Hawaii.
·
Indefinite pronouns don’t have antecedents.
They are capable of standing on their own. For example: No one likes the sound
of fingernails on a chalkboard.
·
Object pronouns are used as direct objects,
indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. These include: you, me, him,
her, us, them, and it. For example: David talked to her about the mistake.
·
Possessive pronouns show ownership. They do
not need apostrophes. For example: The cat washed its whiskers.
Examples of Pronouns
In the following examples, the pronouns are
italicized.
1.
We are
going on vacation.
2.
Don’t tell me that you can’t go with us.
3.
Anybody who
says it won’t
be fun has no clue what they are
talking about.
4.
These are
terribly steep stairs.
5.
We ran
into each other at the mall.
6.
I’m not sure which is worse: rain or snow.
7.
It is one
of the nicest Italian restaurants in town.
8.
Richard stared at himself in the mirror.
9.
The laundry isn’t going to do itself.
10.
Someone spilled
orange juice all over the countertop!
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